Cat and Dog Choking: What To Do

Choking is an emergency that requires immediate attention.

If you experience an episode of your dog or cat choking on something, there are simple steps you can take to try and help them regain their airway. Always remember to stay calm in these types of situations as your pet can sense your state of mind and a sense of calm will make the situation easier to manage.

Signs of Cat and Dog Choking

If your cat or dog is choking on something, they will show signs of distress – especially if they cannot get enough air. They will cough, gag, drool and often shake their head or paw at their face. You may hear high pitched whistling sounds coming from their throat if a small amount of air is getting through or no sound at all if their airway is completely blocked. When cats and dogs are choking, their gums and tongue may turn from pink to a blue or purple colour because their airway has been compromised. In severe cases of dog or cat choking, your pet may collapse.

What To Do When Cats and Dogs are Choking

The first step of helping a choking pet is to determine if they are actually choking.  Coughing and gagging can look like choking, so first you must restrain them and identify the problem. If they are coughing or gagging they can still breath, so you should still see them taking breaths.  If they are choking, their airway can be partially or completely blocked and they have trouble getting air.  They act panicked when they cannot breath. Once you know they are chocking, determine if they are choking due to something around the outside of their neck that is putting pressure on their airway or if it is something inside their throat. If there is anything that is visible on the outside, quickly remove it or cut it off.  

If the object is inside their mouth, open it up and see if you can visualize the object. If you can see it, attempt to flick it to the side. Do not try to push or grab at it as that could lodge the object further down their throat. If you cannot see the object or it is too far down to attempt to dislodge, you can attempt the Heimlich maneuver.

Be cautious as a choking pet may be quite panicked.

The Heimlich maneuver can be done on choking dogs and cats by holding your pet with its back to you up against your chest (best for cats, smaller dogs or if a puppy is choking) or by standing over top of your pet like you were riding a horse (for larger dogs). Place your hands around your pet’s waist and join them together just behind your pet’s ribcage. Make a quick thrust upwards and towards you. You can attempt this multiple times if you are not successful on the first attempt. If your pet cannot stand, you can attempt to do it while your pet is lying on its side. Check to see if the object is dislodged. If not, repeat the process. If you have been successful at dislodging the object, make sure to clear all debris from their mouth by flicking it to the side.  

If your pet continues to choke or is in respiratory distress, you should proceed to your nearest veterinary emergency clinic. If your pet is unconscious, start CPR as you proceed to emergency care.

Cat and Dog Choking Prevention

It is best to try and prevent your pet from choking in the first place. Always be aware of what your pet is chewing on and get rid of any toys or treats that can break down into smaller pieces. We do not recommend giving your pet bones to chew on as they can be choking hazards.

References:

  1. https://www.memphisveterinaryspecialists.com
  2. All Photos courtesy of Pixabay.com

Separation Anxiety: Possible Fallout of COVID-19

Dogs with an unhealthy attachment to their owner can develop separation anxiety.

The past few months have ushered in a brand new world with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and our response to it. Many of us have lost jobs, are currently working from home, or forced to self-isolate because of the virus.

In an attempt to flatten the infection curve, our home life looks a lot different than it did pre-COVID and our pets are the unlikely beneficiaries of this new normal. We are staying home and spending much more time with our pets. At our clinic we have seen an increase in the number of pets being purchased or adopted because they bring us comfort in these uncertain times. I predict that our recent societal lifestyle changes will bring an increase in separation anxiety in our pets. 

As our governments and health officials relax the COVID restrictions and we return to working away from home, our pets are going to be shocked to not have us around 24/7.

What is Separation Anxiety?

Separation anxiety is a group of behavioural abnormalities that results from an unhealthy attachment of a pet to their owners. A pet with separation anxiety gets stressed and anxious when left alone or is separated from their person or family. Animals can begin exhibiting unwanted behaviours to try and reduce the stress they feel. Although we most commonly see separation anxiety in dogs, we can also see it in cats — especially solitary ones.

Less confident dogs are more likely to develop separation anxiety.

Signs of Separation Anxiety

Separation anxiety manifests in several symptoms including: 

  • Vocalizing – Howling, whining, excessive barking/yowling: dog and cat
  • Drooling and pacing: dog
  • Destructive chewing, scratching and digging: dog and cat
  • Inappropriate urination and defecation: dog and cat
  • Trying to escape through doors or windows: dog
  • Excessive grooming/vomiting hair balls: cat
Found more commonly in dogs, cats can also develop separation anxiety.

These behaviours are only linked to separation anxiety if they occur when the owner is in the process of leaving or is absent from their pet. It is very important to remember that your dog or cat is not acting out, but suffering from an anxiety related condition and they should never be punished for these behaviours as this will only make their anxiety worse.

Causes or Predispositions for Separation Anxiety

The causes of separation anxiety are multifactorial but they all stem from the fact that our pets are social animals.

Pets feel uncomfortable when they are separated from their social groups for long periods of time. That uncomfortable feeling can lead to anxiety and stress. When that anxiety becomes too overwhelming your pet may start to engage in poor behaviours to alleviate their stress. 

Certain animal breeds are more at risk of developing anxiety related issues. Breeds known for higher intelligence or high-energy levels need more mental and physical exercise to keep anxiety at bay. If your pet doesn’t engage in a job or have a physical outlet on a daily basis, they are more prone to development of separation anxiety.Small breed dogs are also at higher risk as they are commonly more fearful due to their size. 

Breeds such as the German Shepherd, Bichon Frise, Toy Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, Chihuahua, Border Collie and German Shorthaired Pointer are some of the dog breeds at risk for developing anxiety. Asian breeds of cat such as Siamese and Burmese also experience separation anxiety more frequently than other feline breeds.

There are breed predispositions for separation anxiety.

Prevention

Prevention is definitely the preferred way to deal with separation anxiety. If puppies and kittens can be socialized and conditioned to tolerate or even enjoy being alone, the problem can be avoided all together. Your veterinarian can help with training suggestions at your first puppy or kittens’ health check.

Crate training for dogs is a great start. Once a puppy has learned that his crate is his safe place, then make it enjoyable for him to be there with a chew toy or a play toy with treats inside it. Leave the room and allow your puppy to experience being alone without feeling stress. Always reward calm behaviours and ignore any indications of clingy-ness or anxiety. Pet owners will feel the need to console a pet that is feeling stressed, but this just reinforces their unwanted behaviour.

Basic obedience training is also extremely useful. Teaching your puppy to “sit/stay” and working up to leaving the room while your puppy is in “stay,” you develop their confidence for being left alone.

Do not act overly excited when you return to your puppy, as you want to reinforce their calm behaviours. Create a routine that involves regular absences from the house for short periods of time that you know your puppy can tolerate, then gradually work up to longer periods of time away. Make sure you do not make a big fuss when you return, and only recognize your pet’s attention when they are calm and respectful.

Distraction with toys and treats is a good way to combat separation anxiety.

Treatment

Treatment of separation anxiety is usually more challenging especially if the condition becomes severe. Techniques for treatment include counter conditioning/desensitization, reinforcement of calm behaviours, providing adequate exercise and mental stimulation, and confidence training. 

Crate training and obedience training are important first steps. Much like puppy training these techniques build confidence in your dog to being left alone under controlled conditions. Counter conditioning and desensitizing your pet to the routines/cues you unconsciously exhibit when you leave the house is important. You can start by acting out the things you normally do before leaving and then you don’t leave. This desensitizes your pet to your cues and doesn’t allow them to ramp up their anxiety when they know you are leaving. Provide your pet with calm alone time by providing them with a distraction while you are away from them. 

A chew toy or a toy with treats can engage them while you quietly leave them alone. Begin by leaving the room for short periods of time, then slowly build toward greater times and distances away. Make sure your pet was successful in staying relaxed in your absence before increasing the challenge. If you need to be away from your pet for an extended period of time during this training process, consider a pet sitter or doggy day-care to prevent losing any gains you have made with your training. 

Cats can be trained in similar ways. Start by enhancing their environment with toys or by hiding treats they need to “hunt.” Perches near windows and climbing trees are a good way to prevent boredom for cats. Make sure indoor cats get adequate exercise and schedule playtime every day to expend extra energy. Leaving the TV or radio on while you are away from the house can also provide comfort to some cats.

In a worst-case scenario, anti-anxiety medications may be necessary to keep your pet from harming themselves or becoming overwhelmed as you train them. 

Behaviour training to deal with separation anxiety can be complicated and requires a lot of patience and I have only touched on the basics here. If your pet is showing signs of separation anxiety or you anticipate that they will once you are no longer house bound due to COVID-19, please contact your veterinarian. There are good resources available for dealing with this problem and your veterinarian can guide you in the process.

References

  1. https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/dog-care/common-dog-behavior-issues/separation-anxiety
  2. https://www.petmd.com/dog/slideshows/training/prevent-separation-anxiety-in-dogs?view_all=1
  3. https://www.mspca.org/pet_resources/dealing-with-separation-anxiety-in-dogs/
  4. https://indoorpet.osu.edu/cats/problemsolving/separation-anxiety
  5. Pictures courtesy ofhttps://pixabay.com/. All rights reserved.

My Cat is Lethargic: What’s Causing It?

cat sleeping
Lethargy is an abnormal amount of sleepiness or unresponsiveness.

This month’s blog will discuss lethargy in cats. Cats are infamous for sleeping most of the day, with short bursts of activity usually at night. When a cat becomes abnormally inactive and is sleeping even more than usual there might be cause for concern.

Lethargy is defined as; “a pathological state of sleepiness or deep unresponsiveness and inactivity.” Lethargy is a common complaint we hear from pet owners when their cat is sick. Signs of lethargy in cats include playing less, hiding or shying away from human contact, eating less and not grooming itself properly.  Lethargy is not a very specific symptom and can be present in many different conditions. 

In order to identify what is causing lethargy we have to take into consideration other symptoms the cat may be showing. The list of causes of lethargy is long, but with a detailed medical  history from cat owners and appropriate examination and testing, we can usually identify the cause.

Causes of Lethargy in Cats

Obesity/Arthritis – When cats are overweight the excess burden puts more strain on their joints and cardiovascular system. This makes it uncomfortable for the cat to exercise and play. Overweight cats are much more prone to developing arthritis and joint pain. This creates a vicious cycle and as the cat’s activity levels decline, your cat will put on more weight. If your cat has gained weight and is lethargic, it is important to stop this cycle. To prevent future weight related health issues discuss a safe weight loss protocol with your veterinarian.

obese cat sitting on gravel
Being overweight can be a cause of lethargy.

Viral, Bacterial or Parasitic Infections – Viral and bacterial infections can make your cat feel sick. Fevers brought on by infections will also make your cat lethargic. There are many common viruses that affect cats like Feline Upper Respiratory Infection (FURI), Panleukopenia (FP), and Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV).  Regular annual vaccinations greatly reduce the risk of your cat contracting these infections. Bacterial infections can be the result of broken or infected teeth, cat bite abscesses, or internal infections. Parasitic infections are common in cats, especially if they hunt mice or birds or if they are exposed to contaminated feces of other cats. Heavy worm burdens can affect your cat’s digestive and immune systems. If your cat is showing signs of infection along with lethargy and/or fever you shouldcontact your veterinarianto have them examined.

Respiratory Problems – Cats can suffer from respiratory conditions like asthma and infections from bacteria, viruses and fungi. Cats may also develop secondary lung and airway problems from conditions like congestive heart failure and trauma. 

When breathing becomes compromised due to respiratory disease, there isn’t good oxygen flow to the blood and your cat will become lethargic as a result. You may also see other symptoms like increased breathing rate, panting, coughing/gagging and hiding. Respiratory problems can be life threatening and should be addressed as soon as possible.

Cardiovascular Disease – Cardiovascular disease involves conditions affecting the heart and vascular system. Cats most commonly suffer from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and less frequently from dilated cardiomyopathy, heart valve disease and congenital heart defects. Cats can hide heart disease quite well and they often live with it for many years before showing any signs. Lethargy is one of those signs. Other signs like a heart murmur or arrhythmia are only identified by listening to the heart with a stethoscope, so annual wellness exams by your veterinarian are important to identify these issues early. To diagnose heart disease, advanced testing is usually required. Your veterinarian may require x-rays or ultrasound to diagnose heart disease.

cat eyes slightly open while sleeping
Lethargy is a non-specific sign that can be associated with many medical problems.

Gastrointestinal Disturbances – Any condition that adversely affects the stomach or intestine can cause lethargy. Vomiting, diarrhea and constipation may also be present or the cat may stop eating or drinking. Nausea may also prevent your cat from eating and that lack of food energy will result in lethargy. These conditions can result from many different causes like ingestion of a foreign body, chronic constipation, food intolerances and viral infections to name a few. If you suspect your cat is lethargic because of a gastrointestinal problem it is best that you have your cat examined by your veterinarian right away.

Urinary/Kidney Disease – Urinary tract and kidney disease are relatively common in the cat. Lethargy is a common sign associated with these disorders. Urinary blockages (usually seen in male cats) prevent the cat from being able to pass urine. The cat may make many trips to the litter box and may vocalize when they try to urinate. Owners sometimes find their cat lying in the litter box not wanting to move due to pain and weakness. If you suspect your cat has a urinary blockage it is aveterinary emergency and you should have your cat examined right away. Kidney disease has many causes, but the result is that the cat’s kidneys become unable to properly filter waste from the blood. The buildup of these waste products makes your cat feel sick. Signs like lethargy, weight loss, increased drinking and urinating and incontinence occur. Blood and urine testing are necessary to identify kidney disease. 

Anemia – Just like in humans, cats can develop anemia from a number of different causes. Anemia is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells and/or hemoglobin. When red blood cell numbers are decreased, the body’s ability to supply oxygenated blood is compromised. The result is a feeling of weakness or lethargy. Other signs of anemia are pale gums and increased heart rate. A complete blood count is required to diagnose anemia and a full exam is required to determine the cause. If you suspect your cat is suffering from anemia make an appointment with your local veterinarian right away.

Diabetes – Diabetes is fairly common in cats and when undiagnosed or untreated can be a cause of lethargy. The diabetes we see in cats is much like the type 2 diabetes we see in people. Diabetic cats are unable to produce enough insulin to properly convert blood sugar to energy. Lethargy along with increased thirst and urination are common signs. Weight loss is also seen. Diabetes is routinely diagnosed with blood and urine tests and can be treated in cats.

black cat smelling purple tulips
Plants are a common cat toxin that may cause lethargy and other symptoms.

Toxin Exposure – There are many toxins in our environment that can adversely affect cats. The most common are plants. They include lilies, autumn crocus, daffodils and tulips to name a few. Ingestion of even small amounts of lilies causes kidney failure in cats. Autumn crocus and daffodil ingestion cause vomiting, diarrhea, heart arrhythmia and can lead to death. Tulips are less toxic but they can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Other toxins to consider are human medications or foods that were accidentally ingested like Tylenol, Ibuprofen, onion or garlic. Herbicides or insecticides used in your yard or neighbourhood can also poison your cat. Antifreeze that has been spilled or leaked from a vehicle is another possible toxin. Signs of toxin ingestion are most often specific to the toxin itself, but all should include lethargy. With any type of toxin exposure, early diagnosis and treatment are very important to limit the damage that is done. Call your veterinarian right away if you suspect your cat has ingested a poisonous substance. At the end of this article there is a link to the ASPCA’s Animal Poison Control page. They have a detailed list of toxins and associated symptoms for all pets.

The list of possible causes for lethargy in a cat is long. In order to understand why your cat seems lethargic you need to take into consideration other signs or symptoms that can help focus in on the real cause. If you suspect there is a medical issue that is causing your cat’s lethargy, it is important tobring your cat in for an examination by your veterinarian. Your pet’s health is our first priority and we can help determine why your cat is acting lethargic.

References

  1. Lexico Online Dictionary by Oxford –https://www.lexico.com/
  2. Merck Veterinary Manual – Merck Veterinary Manual
  3. ASPCA Animal Poison Control – https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control

How Does COVID-19 Affect Pets? (Updated April 8/20)

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented event that has raised many questions for ourselves and for our pets.  The health of our clients and their pets is of the utmost importance to us.  We would like to take this time to help answer any questions you may have about the coronavirus with the information that we have so far.

graphic displaying text "CORONAVIRUS" on black background with virus artwork
A new Coronavirus is responsible for the current Pandemic.

What is a Coronavirus?

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that have been around for a long time.  They can infect humans and numerous species of animals.  The virus that is responsible for the current pandemic is a new or “novel” coronavirus that has been identified by the name SARS-CoV-2.  The origin of this new virus is not known for sure but it is suspected that it originated at an open food market in Wuhan, China.  Since this new coronavirus closely resembles another virus that infects bats, a link to bats being the source is being investigated.  It is also believed that the virus needs to pass through another animal as an intermediate host before it infects humans.  Many species of animals have been tested to help identify which animals may pose a risk, but initial information is pointing to a Pangolin, or scaly anteater.  Pangolins are traded in China as they are considered a delicacy and their scales are believed to have medicinal properties.  Studies are still in the early stages, so these links are suspected but not yet confirmed. 

What is Covid-19?

COVID-19 stands for “Coronavirus disease 2019” and is being used to describe the disease process caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus.  This disease is a contagious respiratory illness that causes flu-like symptoms like fever, dry cough and difficulty breathing. So far, it has only been identified in humans.  Symptoms can range from mild to severe and it appears to be most severe in people with pre-existing health conditions, weak immune function and people aged 65 and over.  COVID-19 is transmitted through respiratory excretions from an infected person who is shedding the virus.  The virus appears to be highly contagious, so it can be passed on by respiratory secretions from a person harbouring the virus or contact with the environment that was contaminated by an infected person.

Are There Any Cases of Animals Becoming Infected?

The answer to this question is still being investigated, but I can provide the details of what is known so far.  There is one case of a dog in Hong Kong that tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus.  The owner of the dog tested positive for COVID-19 and as a result, two dogs in the home were tested.  One of the dogs had a weak positive test for the virus and has since been tested two more times.  All three tests have come back as weak positives.  The tests were oral and nasal swabs that identified genetic material from the virus.  Despite the positive tests, the dog has not shown any clinical signs of illness.  Authorities initially  believed that this could have been a case of human-to-animal transmission, but they could not confirm it with the preliminary results.  Since those initial tests were run, a new blood test was performed on the same dog, looking for antibodies to the virus.  If an animal becomes infected with a virus, it should mount an immune response and make antibodies against that virus.  It is interesting to note that the blood test came back negative.  Authorities are now saying further investigation is required to confirm if the dog was indeed infected.  It remains in quarantine and will stay there until it is considered free of the virus.

Update (April 8/20)

  • The dog in Hong Kong that tested positive for the virus did eventually test positive on a blood test for antibodies against the virus. Health authorities believe that this evidence supports human-to-animal transmission, but the dog never showed any clinical signs of disease while in quarantine. It was eventually released back to the owner after testing showed it was free of the virus. The dog subsequently passed away at home three days later. It is very unlikely COVID-19 played any part in the death of the dog as it was 17 years of age and had other ongoing health issues.
  • A German Shepherd dog in Hong Kong was reported as testing positive on March 18th. The owner of the dog was positive for COVID-19 and two pet dogs in the house were tested. Only the German Shepherd tested positive. The dog has not shown any clinical signs and remains in quarantine until testing confirms it is no longer positive for the virus.
  • At the end of March a cat in Hong Kong living with a COVID-19 positive owner tested positive twice for SARS-CoV-2 from swab tests. The cat is showing no clinical signs but remains in quarantine until it is determined to be free of the virus.
  • Hong Kong’s Agricultural, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD) has reported testing 17 other dogs and 8 cats from homes with COVID-19 positive human cases. The only positive results have been the 3 cases listed above.
  • Outside of China, there have also been some new reports.  A cat in Belgium presented to a Veterinary College with respiratory and digestive issues after it’s owner tested positive for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in samples from the sick cat. There is no direct link showing that the Coronavirus caused the cat’s symptoms and authorities cannot conclusively say the cat was infected with COVID-19 because of the way the samples were obtained. The cat subsequently recovered from the illness.
  • The only other positive case that has been reported in animals is a Tiger at the Bronx Zoo. Multiple big cats in the same exhibit showed signs of respiratory illness. As a result, one of the tigers was tested and found to be positive for the virus. Health authorities believe that the cats came into contact with the virus through an asymptomatic zoo keeper. All the big cats are in isolation and it is believed they will all recover. No other animals at the zoo are symptomatic.
small white dog looking at camera while held in veterinarian's arm
No pets have become sick from COVID-19.

Are My Pets At Risk Of Becoming Sick With COVID-19 Or Making Me Sick?

The short answer to this question is “No”.  The most recent information shows no evidence that your pet can get sick from COVID-19 or that the virus originated in a dog, cat or domesticated pet.  These are early days and we will update you if that statement changes, but for now we have not seen any cases of animals becoming sick or owners catching the virus from their pet.

Update (April 8/20)

  • The case of the tigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo with clinical signs indicate animals may be able to become sick from the new coronavirus.  Only one of the tigers was tested and did test positive for SARS-CoV-2. 
  • We have inconclusive evidence in regards to the cat from Belgium, so we cannot say that the symptoms the cat exhibited were due to COVID-19. 
  • More information is required to definitively say that our pets can become sick with COVID-19.  Despite this the risk of transmission from humans to pets still appears to be low.

Conclusions On COVID-19 And Pets

The information that has been gathered so far has resulted in some recommendations for pet owners. The American Veterinary Medical Association released the following statement:

“Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with COVID-19, it is still recommended that people sick with COVID-19 limit contact with animals until more information is known about the virus. So, if you are ill with COVID-19, have another member of your household take care of walking, feeding, and playing with your pet. If you have a service animal or you must care for your pet, then wear a face mask; don’t share food, kiss, or hug them; and wash your hands before and after any contact with your pet or service animal. You should not share dishes, drinking glasses, cups, eating utensils, towels, or bedding with other people or pets in your home. While we are recommending these as good practices, it is important to remember there is currently no evidence that pets can spread COVID-19 to other animals, including people.”

People who have tested positive must also remember that there is initial evidence to support human-to-animal transmission. This means that although your pet may not get sick with the virus, it may become a carrier of it. Thus, it has the potential to “carry” the virus to other people. Following the above recommendations should help prevent your pet from becoming an unknowing participant in passing the virus on.

Update (April 8/30): In Conclusion

  • More information on how COVID-19 can affect our domestic pets is slowly becoming available. 
  • The data suggests that transmission of the virus from humans-to-animals is possible, but not likely.
  • Cats may be at a higher risk than dogs.
  • There are still no known cases of animal-to-human transmission.  When you compare the number of human cases to the number of reported animal cases, it appears that the risk of human-to-animal transmission is low.
  • Despite the new information, recommendations regarding COVID-19 and pets remains the same.  People who are positive for COVID-19 need to treat their pets as they would other family members and restrict contact with them to help reduce any possible spread of the disease (see above recommendations from AVMA).
orange cat looks sits in comfy blanket while looking at the camera
Follow good hygiene with your pets as well as people.

Pet Health Care During The Outbreak

Properties Animal Clinic is committed to providing pet health care services during the outbreak.  We remain open to the public, but have implemented extra safety measures to avoid potential spread of infection.  We have increased disinfection protocols and we are scheduling appointments in a way that helps reduce exposure of staff and clients.  We are asking individuals that are self-isolating because they are ill, travelled recently or been in contact with someone who has COVID-19 to stay-home and reschedule non-urgent appointments. If you have been in contact with someone withCOVID-19 or are sick yourselfand your pet needs urgent veterinary care we ask that youcall usso that we can arrange appropriate health care for your pet while still following the recommended safety measures outlined by public health authorities.  

Hopefully this information helps you to understand how COVID-19 can affect pets and owners. The good news is that initial reports indicate it is very unlikely your pet will become sick or be a source of infection for you. The only source of infection that has been documented so far is from person to person or contact with something contaminated by an infected person. We hope you are all staying safe and remember to take advantage of this time to care for yourselves, your families and your pets.

References:

  1. AVMA website: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/one-health/covid-19
  2. Alberta Veterinary Medical Association website:https://www.abvma.ca/site/public/covid19?nav=mainsidebar

Pet Dental Health Facts and Fiction

brown and white dog looking up at owner with smile
Keep your pet’s teeth healthy for overall good health.

February is Pet Dental Health Month, so this month’s blog is focused on the facts and fiction of Pet Dental Health. Dental disease is one of the most common health issues facing our pets, and it is one of the most preventable diseases we encounter. As Veterinarians we strive to educate our clients about the best ways to keep our pets healthy and this month we are focusing on their teeth.

Fiction: Dental disease is only a problem of older pets.   

Fact: According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, 80% of dogs and 70% of cats show signs of oral disease by the age of 3.

For this reason, it is important to start early with regular oral exams, teeth brushing and professional cleanings. Your veterinarian should do a routine oral exam with your pet’s annual check-up and give recommendations if there is anything of concern. We know that genetics play a role in dental health so even very young animals can be suffering from serious dental disease and should be assessed regularly.

Fiction: It is impossible to effectively brush my pet’s teeth.

Fact: Brushing your dog’s teeth daily will greatly improve their dental and overall health. 

With some patience and finding the right combination of products or techniques, you can be successful at brushing your pet’s teeth. The key is to not force anything on your pet. Take your time and make sure that it is a calm, enjoyable experience. Using flavoured dental wipes and or treats may help in the process. If something isn’t working, stop and give your pet a break then try a different approach. It may take some trial and error, but persistence pays off and you should find a system that works for you. For more helpful hints on teeth brushing check out our previous blogHow To Save on Dog and Cat Teeth Cleaning.If you are still having problems pleasecontact usand we would be happy to help give you advice on brushing your pet’s teeth. We can also give you advice on other teeth cleaning products. There are many products on the market but don’t waste your time on ones that have not been scientifically proven to be effective.

orange cat with wide open mouth revealing teeth
Brushing your pet’s teeth daily prevents tooth decay.

Fiction: I can save money and get just as good results with non-anesthetic dental cleanings and they are better for my pet because they do not involve risky anesthetics.

Fact: Dental cleanings under anesthetic by a veterinary professional are important for optimal dental health

Proper dental cleanings should always be performed by a veterinary professional and should be done under anesthetic. Without proper sedation it is impossible to get a proper dental exam, good X-rays, and you cannot clean tartar from under the gum line. Non-anesthetic dental procedures are only really cosmetic procedures as they only remove visible tartar. The tartar that remains under the gum line allows for further progression of infection while the owner feels a false sense of security that their pet’s teeth have been adequately cleaned. Although there are risks associated with anesthesia, the risks are actually quite low. Your veterinarian will work with you and your pet to assess their actual risks and make recommendations based on your pet’s health history. The take home message is that you will not save money or improve your pet’s dental health by subjecting them to non-anesthetic dental cleanings. ThisCBC News Storytouches on some of these points.

Fiction: I would know if my pet had a serious dental problem or painful mouth.

Fact: Serious dental disease is often present despite not being easily identifiable by the naked eye

As veterinarians, we can identify outward signs of dental disease like gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and tartar build up but we cannot accurately predict how much dental disease is present in a pet’s mouth until after we have done a thorough exam and X-rays under anesthetic. The outer portion of the tooth may look normal, but the root of the tooth can still be infected and diseased. On top of this, pets can be very good at hiding their discomfort. We often see situations where pet owners didn’t realize how much their pet’s teeth were bothering them until after they have recovered from a dental. Owners come in to tell us their pet is eating better, more playful or seems much younger. We encourage owners to watch for the following signs of dental disease; bad breath, drooling, reluctance to chew food or toys, dropping food, swelling of gums or areas around their mouth, bloody discharge from the mouth or gums and broken or loose teeth. If you identify any of these signs in your pet,please contact your veterinarian for a dental examination.If you don’t see these signs, please don’t make the assumption that your pet has healthy teeth and make sure you have their teeth assessed by your veterinarian at theirannual pet health exam.

close up of dog teeth and gums
Pet dental cleanings need to get tartar under the gum line.

Fiction: My pet can live with bad teeth, it just gives him/her bad breath.

Fact: Dental disease has been linked to other systemic diseases like heart and liver disease

There are studies to show that dental infections can be linked to problems in other organs of the body. Dental infections that go unchecked can become blood born and be identified in other organs like the heart and liver. These infections can cause heart valve problems and inflammation of the heart or liver. Diabetic animals can also have trouble regulating their blood sugars when there is concurrent dental infections.  So, caring for your pet’s teeth is important for their overall health, not just their oral health.

Fiction: I just give my dog bones and chew toys to chew on and that naturally cleans his/her teeth.

Fact: When a dog chews on something hard their teeth do scrape up against the object but there is limited benefit from a teeth cleaning perspective

In fact, we often see broken teeth from chewing on hard toys or bones and that causes pain as well as opening the tooth up to infection. We advise against giving hard bones and toys to your dog to chew. There are some products out on the market that have been scientifically proven to help clean the teeth, but they are not meant to replace daily brushing and regular teeth cleanings. TheVeterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) is an independent group that tests the efficacy of these products. If you are looking for a treat or chew to help with tooth brushing, make sure it has a VOHC label on it so that you know it has been proven to work. There is also a special food that has been designed to clean your pet’s teeth as they eat. It is called “t/d diet” and has VOHC approval.

dog with green spiked ball in mouth
Dental chew toys and treats should be VOHC approved.

The relationship between good oral health and overall health have been well known in human medicine for a long time. Our pets are no different. I don’t think twice about brushing my teeth daily or getting my teeth cleaned at the dentist because I know how uncomfortable a tooth infection or problem can be. Many of our pets are living with that discomfort daily, they are just better at hiding it. February is Veterinary Dental Health Month so take some time this month to consider the health of your pet’s teeth. If you have concerns or questions,please call your veterinarian or bring your pet in for an exam.

References

  1. https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/pet-dental-care
  2. https://www.dvm360.com/view/vpi-preventing-dental-problems-cheaper-treating
  3. http://www.vohc.org/
  4. Pictures courtesy ofhttps://pixabay.com/.All rights reserved.

New Years Pet Resolutions

The Best New Years Resolutions for Dog & Cat Health in 2020

two dogs sitting on fluffy chair with champaign and new years decor around them

I would like to start off 2020 by wishing everyone a Happy New Year from all of us at Properties Animal Clinic. As we start a new year, it is common practice to take stock of our daily routines and make goals for positive change in our lives, which we refer to as new years’ resolutions. This month’s blog is highlighting what we can do to improve our pet’s health and happiness in the new year through new years’ pet resolutions for your dogs and/or cats. In the process, we believe that it may actually impact your own personal health goals, and strengthen the human animal bond that we get so much benefit from.

Here are our top 5 New Year’s Pet Resolutions for 2020:

1. Schedule Routine Pet Health Checks

Annual physical exams and wellness checks are one of the most important tools in maintaining pet health. As veterinarians we strive for prevention of illness rather than treatment of it. Prevention starts with routinepet health examinations, bloodwork,vaccinations, andparasite control. Having an annual exam by your veterinarian is a good start. From there, further recommendations for wellness will be determined by the life stage and current health status of your pet. These recommendations may include vaccinations and parasite control protocols based on current lifestyle or travel, bloodwork to monitor baseline health or progression of pre-existing conditions, nutritional advice, and/or recommendations for further work up if something new is found on routine examination. Start the year off right byscheduling an annual wellness check with your veterinarian.

2. Start a Daily Dental Care Routine

The American Veterinary Medical Association states 80% of dogs and 70% of cats show signs of oral disease by the age of 3. Dental disease is one of the most common and preventable diseases we see. It should also be noted that unchecked dental infections can lead to other health issues like heart and liver disease. Just like in humans, routineveterinary dental care,such as teeth cleanings, can dramatically reduce the occurrence and severity of dental disease. If you haven’t already, start a daily dental care routine with your pet. With a little patience and proper technique, you will be surprised at how effective you can be at brushing your pet’s teeth. Your veterinarian would be happy to show you what products are safe to use and the proper approach. Regular dental exams and cleanings by a registered veterinarian are also important and become imperative if your pet is not amenable to having their teeth brushed. For more information on proper teeth brushing and cleaning, see our previous blog“How Much is Dog Teeth Cleaning?”

young puppy with toothbrush in mouth
Make a new year’s pet resolution to improve your pet’s dental health in 2020.

3.  Exercise More

Humans and pets both greatly benefit from being active. An active pet is a healthy pet. If you make a new years’ resolution to improve your physical fitness in 2020, also make a goal to include your pet. Dogs make great exercise companions, even if it is just getting out for a daily walk. A pet’s health will improve if you include exercise in their daily routine. Think about including your dog when you go for that jog, hike or walk. Even better, let them be your motivation for going out. We do recommend that cats are kept as indoor pets, but consider training them to walk with you on a harness and leash. If not, make structured playtime for indoor cats and encourage them to exercise. Check out this link for moreideas on how to get your indoor cat to exercise.

Include your pet in your new exercise routine.

4.  Maintain a Healthy Weight

A 2018 survey by the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention found that 56% of dogs and 60% of cats were categorized as overweight or obese. Being overweight or obese predisposes our pets to other health issues like diabetes, arthritis and heart disease. At your pet’s annual wellness exam, we always check their weight and body condition score to assess if they are maintaining a healthy weight. If your pet is found to be over or under weight, consider making a new years’ pet resolution to get them back to a healthy size. Your veterinarian is a valuable resource on how to help do this. Nutrition and exercise should be tailored to each individual pet’s needs as they may have concurrent health issues that need to be considered. If you think your pet could benefit from some weight management advice,please make an appointment.

overweight cat sprawled on floor
Weight management is a great way to improve your pet’s overall health.

5.  More Quality Time with Your Pet

If you’d like to get healthy or maintain health in 2020, consider making a new years’ pet resolution to spend more time interacting with your dog and/or cat. Pets make our lives healthier, so spending more quality time with them is beneficial for us. The Human Animal Bond Research Institute (HABRI) has compiled research “that demonstrates how pets improve heart health; alleviate depression; increase well-being; support child health and development; and contribute to healthy aging.” Pets are known to decrease stress related hormones, lower blood pressure and aid in the treatment of conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder. If our goal is to live a healthier lifestyle, then strengthening the human animal bond is an easy and effective way to do that. Make time in your busy schedule to spend time with your pet by throwing a ball for your dog in the back yard or taking out the fishing pole cat toy and enticing your cat to play. You and your pet will be healthier throughout the year as a result.

dog and owner looking at each other
A strong human animal bond is shown to improve health.

If you’d like more ideas on how to improve you or your pets health through new lifestyle habits, or even your own custom new years resolution for your dog or cat,contact your veterinariantoday.

References

  1. veterinarynews.dvm360.com/vpi-preventing-dental-problems-cheaper-treating
  2. purina.co.uk/cat/purina-one/advice/training-game/article/exercise-for-indoor-cats
  3. petobesityprevention.org
  4. habri.org
  5. Pictures courtesy ofhttps://pixabay.com/All rights reserved.

Holiday Pet Safety

small dog in shadow with blurred colourful Christmas tree lights in background

Christmas Pet Safety

The holiday season is fast approaching and with it comes all the joys and challenges of holiday entertaining. We often become so focused on family and friends during this time that we forget about how our pets may respond to the seasonal changes around them. There are multiple pet hazards that are specifically linked to holiday traditions. It’s important to discuss these holiday pet safety and health hazards, and how you can help keep your season less stressful by avoiding an untimely trip to a veterinarian near you over the holidays.

Dangerous Holiday Foods for Pets

So many of our holiday traditions revolve around food. Elaborate family dinners, homemade baking, and gifts of food are all possible hazards for our pets. These are some of the foods that can be dangerous to pets:

Chocolate

Chocolate is a popular Christmas treat, but unfortunately it is toxic to both cats and dogs—though we don’t often see cats that have ingested chocolate. Dogs are far more likely to eat chocolate and experience toxic symptoms. Theobromine and caffeine are the components of chocolate that cause toxic effects. These are called methyl-xanthines. At low doses you can see vomiting and diarrhea, but with higher doses you can get cardiac arrhythmias and seizures. Toxic effects are dose-dependent and there are individual variations in how pets react. Dark chocolate has higher levels of methyl-xanthines than milk chocolate and white chocolate has negligible amounts. Dry cocoa powder and bakers chocolate have the highest levels of methyl-xanthines, so ingestion of baked goods containing these ingredients is especially concerning. If you have chocolate around your house over the holiday, please keep it well out of the reach of inquisitive pets. If you suspect that a wrapped gift contains chocolate, do not place it under the tree as dogs will often sniff them out and ingest them. If you know or suspect that your pet has ingested chocolate, you shouldcontact your vet right away.

pieces of chocolate on plate
Chocolate is toxic to cats and dogs.

Home Baked Goods and Festive Meals

There are specific ingredients that are toxic to dogs and cats that are common in holiday foods. Onions and garlic contain organosulfur compounds, which are toxic, and cats appear to be more sensitive. They can cause stomach upset initially and do damage to blood cells in higher doses. Grapes and raisins, which are found in traditional Christmas cakes, are also toxic to dogs. The toxic ingredient in grapes is not known, and individual sensitivity is highly variable. If ingested in toxic doses, grapes/raisins can cause kidney failure. Fatty foods are also dangerous if ingested in large amounts. If your pet happens to get into holiday foods that are high in fat content they can suffer stomach upset or progress to a more serious condition called pancreatitis. To prevent exposure, make sure to keep pets away from your holiday buffet and put leftovers away as soon as possible. Compost bins and trash bins containing food scraps and bones should also be emptied right away. This is especially important if you have a pet that is known to be food driven and will take advantage of a situation where food is left unattended.

Artificial Sweeteners

Xylitol, an artificial sweetener used in gum and sugar free candies is toxic to dogs. It can cause liver failure and changes in blood sugar that can be life threatening. It is best to keep foods sweetened with xylitol out of the house or well out of reach of your dog.

Hazardous Holiday Decorations for Pets

Cats and dogs are inquisitive animals and the holiday season exposes them to many interesting objects and experiences. This is especially evident if you have a new puppy or kitten that have not previously been exposed to holiday decorations and traditions.

Plants

Holiday decor often includes plants like poinsettias, holly, and mistletoe. All of these plants are toxic to pets if ingested. Poinsettias are mildly toxic and can cause stomach upset and vomiting. Holly is also mildly toxic causing stomach upset, vomiting, and depression. Mistletoe can cause vomiting, diarrhea, changes in heart rate and sometimes low blood pressure. It is best to keep these plants out of your house or out of reach of your pets. Holiday bouquets may also contain lilies. Lilies are toxic to cats and cause kidney failure. If you receive a holiday bouquet with lilies we recommend you remove them from the bouquet and dispose of them.

puppy smelling holiday plant
Holiday plants can be toxic to pets.

Candles and Liquid Potpourri

Holiday scented candles and potpourri pose a risk to pets in a couple of different ways. Lit candles can cause burns when pets get too close or a fire if they are knocked over. Liquid potpourri causes chemical burns if ingested and toxic effects like breathing problems and tremors. We recommend the use of battery operated candles for your holiday decor and if possible avoid the use of liquid potpourri. A pot of simmering mulled apple cider or wine will give you that same traditional holiday scent and you can enjoy drinking it as well.

holiday themed decor and two candles
Replace open flame candles with battery operated ones for pet safety.

Christmas Trees

There are so many things on a Christmas tree that are hard to ignore if you are a curious pet. Cats are especially at risk of running into trouble by investigating the tree. Cats are proficient climbers and the Christmas tree is often an indoor cat’s first exposure to a tree. It is important to create a cat-safe Christmas tree by making sure your tree is well secured to prevent it from falling on your pet. Tethering it to the wall and having a very stable tree stand are essential. Tinsel, garland and ribbons are inviting play toys for pets and can be ingested. If your pet eats a string-like object it can cause a linear foreign body, which can require surgery to remove. We recommend that pet owners do not use tinsel, garland, string or ribbon in houses with pets, especially cats. There are modified metal tinsel ornaments that can replace hanging tinsel and bows are a good alternative to strings and ribbon. Dogs can also mistake ornaments on the tree for toys and can chew/ingest them causing trauma from the broken ornament or a foreign body in the digestive tract. To avoid problems, keep ornaments up high out of reach. Electric lights can cause electrical shocks from chewing on cords or the lights themselves. Always remember to unplug your lights when you are away from the home and your pets are not being supervised.

cat in a Christmas tree
Christmas trees and cat safety can co-exist with a few modifications.

To summarize, a pet-friendly Christmas tree should include:

  • A tree that is well secured including tethering if needed
  • Use of an extra stable tree stand
  • Avoid use of any tinsel, garland, string and ribbons
  • Ornaments that are kept higher up the tree
  • Electric lights that are always unplugged when the tree is not supervised

Making the holiday season safe for your pet should be easy. It just takes a few moderations to holiday decor and remembering to be vigilant around food to ensure pet safety around the holidays. Never leave your pet unsupervised in situations where you know they will be tempted to get into things that may be hazardous to their health. If you are at all concerned that they are showing signs of toxicity or there is evidence that they got into something they shouldn’t have, pleasecall your veterinarianright away. Early intervention is important for successful treatment. 

Hopefully you will have an uneventful holiday season with your family, friends and pets. Enjoy!

– Dr. Lia Morley

References

  1. ASPCA animal poison control.
  2. ASPCA – People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pet.
  3. PetMD – 22 Holiday Pet Hazards. 
  4. Pet Poison Helpline – Holiday and Winter Toxins.
  5. AVMA – 7 Ways to Make the Holidays Safer for Pets.
  6. All Photos Courtesy ofPixabayandUnsplash.

Older Dog Health Problems

senior golden retriever in grassy field
Older dogs’ health is better maintained by staying active

As dogs age, they are more at risk for developing specific health issues. Like humans, normal degenerative processes occur over time and health problems arise. Thankfully, with modern medicine, many of these older dog disease problems and symptoms can be identified early, and in some cases, can be slowed or stopped with treatment or diet to help our dogs live longer, better quality lives. The definition of a “senior” dog is one that has lived two-thirds of their life expectancy. Because there is such variation of type across dog breeds, the age of a senior is highly variable. In general, small dogs tend to live longer and would be considered senior by age 9 or 10. Large breed dogs have shorter life spans on average, and would be considered senior at the age of 6 to 8.

The Most Common Diseases in Old Dogs

Old dogs are at risk for many health problems, but the ones we see most commonly are:

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis is a very common disease in older dogs. This usually comes with joint pain, which presents with symptoms of lameness or stiffness getting up. Another, often unrecognized symptom of arthritis in a senior dog, is lethargy or reluctance to exercise. The cartilage lining of joints degrades as dogs age, which leads to pain and inflammation. Dogs that have had joint injuries in their younger years are even more likely to experience this  degenerative joint disease.  Thankfully, there are a number of medications for the treatment of arthritis that can be. safely used in older dogs. 

Blindness and Deafness

It is very common for old dogs to lose their hearing and sight. Age-related changes to the  lens in the eye will lead to impaired vision. Owners will often notice that night vision is affected first. The lens in the eye can look cloudy due to age related changes and/or the development of cataracts. If you notice any difference in the look of your dog’s eyes they should bechecked by your veterinarianto determine if it is just age related change or if there is a more serious problem. Senior dog owners may also notice that their dog does not respond to being called as well as they used to. This is often due to loss of hearing in their senior years. Dogs with hearing loss should be monitored more closely and kept on leash as they may not be able to hear things in their environment that could be hazardous.

older grey poodle
Vision or hearing changes are common health issues in older dogs.

Organ Dysfunction

The kidney and liver can become less efficient with age and so we may see organ dysfunction in senior dogs. These changes can be identified with routine blood work. If caught early, these changes can often be treated with medications and diet. Heart disease is another risk as dogs age. Routine exams are necessary to identify heart disease. It is a good idea toschedule senior pet check ups with your veterinarianin order to identify these
problems early.

Cancer

The risk of cancer increases as dogs get older. Senior dogs are at higher risk of developing all types of cancer. Cancer can affect any body system and some are more obvious than others. Any new lumps and bumps anywhere on the body should be checked by your veterinarian. Senior dog blood work may also be helpful in identifying cancers that are less obvious.

Dental Disease

Tartar buildup and gum disease occurs over time and happens faster without routine brushing. Over the life of your dog, periodontal disease can lead to infection and tooth loss. Infections in the mouth can also affect other organ systems like the kidneys, liver and heart. Dental disease in older dogs as well as younger dogs is a preventable problem and should be addressed. Routine dental care and dental cleanings are the best way to prevent problems as they age.Talk to your veterinarian about dental issuesthat may be affecting your senior dog.

Obesity

Older dogs will experience a slow down in metabolism and activity levels. Weight gain is a common problem that follows. Obesity predisposes old dogs to other diseases like diabetes, and arthritis. Your veterinarian can be a valuable resource to help you determine the nutritional requirements of your senior pet. They can help you treat obesity with weight loss diet plans or prevent weight gain with appropriate calorie intake. If you are concerned about your dog’s weight,contact your veterinarian for advice.

obese boxer dog
Old dogs are at higher risk of weight gain due to decreased activity levels..

Metabolic or Endocrine Disorders

These are disorders that occur when there are imbalances in the body’s metabolic and endocrine functions. Examples of these include diabetes and hypothyroidism. Symptoms of these health problems in older dogs, like any dog, are very specific to the disease itself but diagnosis usually occurs with blood work. Routine senior blood panels will check for the most common metabolic and endocrine disorders. Treatment is often available if the condition is identified early.

Keeping your Older Dog Healthy

close up of older small dog
Routine exams are important for avoiding many older dog diseases.

There are many health issues that can afflict older dogs. The ones listed here are just a few of the most common ones we see. The importance of senior wellness exams and blood testing is clear. Early detection of any disease process gives us the best chance at successful prevention and treatment. If you see any symptoms of disease in your older dog that concern you or you want to be proactive before you see symptoms,please contact your veterinarianand ask about senior wellness exams.

References

  1. Photos Courtesy ofPixabay

Health Problems in Senior Cats

There are several common health problems we see in older-age cats. An older cat’s health should be closely monitored when it becomes a senior. We consider a cat “senior” when it is 9 years of age and older, which is two-thirds of their average life expectancy. Senior cat health problems can include a number of ailments, but these are the ones we see most commonly.

profile view of senior cat
A Senior cat is a cat that is 9 years of age or older.

Most Common Elderly Cat Health Problems

Cat health problems are not just caused by old age. Common health problems in older cats are often related to their lifestyle habits and their unique physiology. Being active hunters and meat eaters puts strains on their bodies that other species may not experience. Over time, these species-specific characteristics can lead to a few common health problems in older cats. Here are the ones we see frequently:

Kidney Disease

Kidney disease is probably the most common health problem of older cats. Cats have specific dietary requirements because they are carnivores (meat eaters). Their kidneys are very efficient at removing the waste produced from metabolizing protein. As cats age, their kidneys sometimes become less efficient and they develop kidney disease. In most of these cases we see chronic kidney disease (CKD), which means it happens over a period of time. CKD can be caused by infections, genetics, and age related changes. The most common signs of older cats with kidney disease are drinking and urinating more, weight loss and vomiting. Check out our article onRenal Failure in Catsfor more information.

Arthritis

Cats are very agile. In their regular everyday activities they are often climbing and jumping. These activities can be very taxing on their joints, and as our cats age they often develop osteoarthritis. Cats are very good at masking joint pain, but there are subtle signs to look for. Arthritic cats may spend more time than usual sleeping and less time playing or hunting. Arthritis can present as stiffness and lameness, or your cat may not like to be petted or picked up if they are experiencing pain.

cat laying on couch
Arthritis pain can cause a cat to be less active.

Thyroid Disease

Older cats are at higher risk of developing thyroid problems. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing and releasing thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone controls metabolism. Cats will most commonly develop hyperthyroidism, which means their thyroid gland is producing too much thyroid hormone. When thyroid hormone levels are high, your cat’s metabolism is put into overdrive. Increased metabolism also influences the heart and these cats can develop severe heart disease, which can lead to heart failure. Signs of hyperthyroidism include: increased appetite with weight loss, hyperactivity, and increased thirst with increased urination.

Obesity and Diabetes

Obesity is a common finding in older cats. As your cat ages his activity levels may decrease while feeding protocols stay the same. Indoor cats are especially at risk of developing weight problems due to their sedentary lifestyle. When cats are overweight they are at a higher risk of developing diabetes. Signs of diabetes include drinking more, urinating more, weight loss, loss of appetite, vomiting and dehydration.

overweight orange and white cat sitting
Overweight cats are at higher risk of developing diabetes.

Cancer

Just like in humans, the risk of developing cancer generally goes up with age. Chronic inflammatory processes can lead to cancer, so as our pets age their risk increases. There are many types of cancer, but some of the most common in cats include lymphoma, fibrosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The signs of cancer are specific to the type of cancer, but generally can include vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, loss of appetite or the development of a mass.

Dental Disease

Dental disease is a slowly progressing disease, but since our pets do not brush their teeth on a daily basis they can develop severe dental disease over their lifetime. Studies have shown that 50 to 90% of cats over the age of 4 have dental disease. Cats can experience gingivitis, cavities, reabsorption of teeth and bone infections from tooth decay. Signs of dental disease include bad breath, salivation, raw/bleeding gums and in some cases, reluctance to eat.

Metabolic or Endocrine Disorders

These are disorders that occur when there are imbalances in the body’s metabolic and endocrine functions. Examples of these include diabetes and hypothyroidism. Symptoms of these health problems in older dogs, like any dog, are very specific to the disease itself but diagnosis usually occurs with blood work. Routine senior blood panels will check for the most common metabolic and endocrine disorders. Treatment is often available if the condition is identified early.

Treatment of Health Problems in Elderly Cats

Cats can be very good at masking their health problems, so if you think that your senior cat may be sick please also take a look at our blog“Top 5 Signs of Sickness in Cats.”If your elderly cat has health problems, please contact your veterinarian right away. Many of these conditions are treatable, and with early detection and diagnosis your older cat can have many more years of good quality life ahead of them. If you have any questions about any of the information found here, pleasecontact usand we would be happy to assist you.

References

  1. vet.cornell.edu – Feline Diabetes
  2. pets.webmd.com – Cancer in Cats: Types, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment
  3. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-i…
  4. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-i…
  5. Photos courtesy of: Unsplash and Depositphotos

Grain-Free Dog Food and Heart Disease – Is There a Link?

The FDA Recognizes a Possible Link Between Grain-Free Diets and Heart Disease in Dogs

dog looking at food bowl
Is grain-free dog food dangerous?

In July 2018, the United States FDA (Food and Drug Administration) released a statement about a possible link between grain-free dog food and a type of heart disease in dogs called Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM). Parts of this statement are as follows:

“The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is alerting pet owners and veterinary professionals about reports of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs eating certain pet foods containing peas, lentils, other legume seeds, or potatoes as main ingredients. High levels of legumes or potatoes appear to be more common in diets labeled as “grain-free,” but it is not yet known how these ingredients are linked to cases of DCM. These reports are unusual because DCM is occurring in breeds not typically genetically prone to the disease.” 

In response, the FDA has opened an investigation into the possible link between dog food diets and Dilated Cardiomyopathy in dogs. 

What are Grain-Free Dog Food Diets?

Grain-free dry dog food diets eliminate traditional grains such as corn, wheat and rice as a carbohydrate sources and replaces them with novel ingredients like peas, lentils, potatoes and sweet potatoes. Grains like corn, wheat and rice have developed a bad reputation in the pet food world due to marketing campaigns that implicate them as cheap fillers and causes of food allergies. These unfair claims are part of a more complicated nutritional story. These grains can be high-quality nutritional sources of carbohydrates in a nutritionally balanced food. As for food allergies, grains can be the culprit, but we find it to be rare. More commonly, we find protein sources like beef or chicken to be the allergen. Grain-free diets should be considered in those rare cases where a pet has been diagnosed with a grain allergy by a food elimination trial with your veterinarian. A grain-free diet is not necessarily a healthier choice for a non-allergic pet. Due to the complex nature of pet nutrition, please consult with your veterinarian if you have any questions about whatdog dietis best for your pet. Your veterinarian is your most knowledgeable resource as they are trained inpet nutrition.

bowl of dog food
Grain-free diets do not contain corn, wheat or rice.

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart disease that affects both dogs and cats. DCM is a disease that has genetic, nutritional, and infectious causes. Historically, it is recognized as a genetic disease affecting large breed dogs, most commonly Doberman Pinschers, Boxers, Great Danes and Irish Wolfhounds. It has also been seen in Cocker Spaniels and cats due to Taurine (an amino acid) deficiency. DCM results in changes to the heart muscle that prevent it from contracting properly. The result is an inability to pump blood effectively through the body.

dog chest xray diagnosed with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM).
Actual chest x-ray of a dog diagnosed with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM). A normal heart should only occupy 67% of the width of the chest – this dog’s heart occupies more than 80%.

The heart tries to compensate and eventually becomes enlarged and distended. Symptoms can include; weakness, collapse, fluid retention and breathing problems. As the disease progresses it can lead tocongestive heart failureand arrhythmias. The disease results in serious illness, and if left untreated, death.

Are Grain-Free Diets Causing Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

The latest report from the FDA states that although they have not identified a direct link between grain-free dog food and heart disease, there is still more to investigate. A spike in the reporting of new cases of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in dogs that are not genetically predisposed to the disease and being fed grain-free dog food is the reason the FDA is investigating. Nutritional deficiencies like Taurine in cats and Cocker Spaniels, and a dietary deficiency in Carnitine in Boxers, have already been linked to DCM and prove there is a nutritional connection in some of these cases. The investigation so far has not been able to show a direct link to one specific factor in these new cases. There are likely many influences at play. A multifactorial cause of the disease has been suspected for a while, but this new research may help to identify how they are all related. The FDA states: 

“Based on the data collected and analyzed thus far, the agency believes that the potential association between diet and DCM in dogs is a complex scientific issue that may involve multiple factors.” 

Future research and investigation will hopefully sort out this complicated issue. Until then, be sure to make decisions based on the most current information available. We will keep you updated through ourveterinary blogwhen we know more.

Making Informed Nutritional Decisions for Your Pet

As the sole provider of nutrition for your pet, you should make sure you are getting accurate and qualified recommendations on dog food from a trusted source. Your veterinarian should be your first point of contact for nutritional recommendations. If you have any questions about your dog’s food or diet and how it could affect his/her health, pleasecontact your veterinarian.Our goal is to help you have the information you need to make the healthiest choices for your pet.

– Dr. Lia Morley

References

  1. FDA Investigation into Potential Link between Certain Diets and Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/news-events/fda-investigation-potential-link-between-certain-diets-and-canine-dilated-cardiomyopathy
  2. Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/hospitals/companion-animal-hospital/cardiology/canine-dilated-cardiomyopathy-dcm
  3. Images courtesypixabay.comandwww.freeimages.com